. In the past decades, significant advances have been achieved for the knowledge of species diversity of this group11, 14,15,16. More than 1000 Penicillium names were introduced in the past, and 354 species were generally accepted17. The result highlights that the morphological feature of conidiophore branching pattern is in accordant with the phylogenetic analysis and may be used as a reliable character in taxonomy of the section Sclerotiora. both colony morphology and microscopy wet mounts is necessary. Analyzed the data: X.C.W. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Pitt, J. I. Many species can become pathogens of fruits, vegetables and cereals. Along with the identifications of new species, a broader range of substrates will be expected. Penicillium is a very large and ubiquitous genus which currently contains 354 accepted species (Visagie et al. nov., isolated from the marine environments of Jeju Island, Korea. On CYA 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular, convex, crustose, conidia dislodged onto the cover when the plates inverted; margins narrow, entire or undulate; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation very dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse nearly black but yellowish brown at margins. [20], Griseofulvin is an antifungal drug and a potential chemotherapeutic agent[21] that was discovered in P. This microorganism is used in the production of various types of blue cheeses such as Valdeon, Cabrales and Roquefort. Conidiophores strictly monoverticillate; stipes septate, smooth-walled, 3517523m, vesiculate; phialides ampulliform, 812, 692.53m; conidia subglobose, rough-walled, 2.73.32.53.3m. Based on the four-gene phylogeny, three subclades in the section are recognized (Fig. For the new species in subclade I, the conidiophores of P. austrosinicum and P. exsudans are vesiculate. J. These segments develop or grow, by repeated divisions, in a mycelium. Wang & W.Y. Some species are living as plant endophytes8,9,10. Schneider, W. D. et al. Kong, H. Z. Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Katoh, K. & Standley, D. M. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. 1), P. choerospondiatis and P. sanshaense were distinguished as sister groups that were associated with P. herquei and P. verrucisporum. On YES 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular, radially and concentrically sulcate; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse radially and concentrically sulcate, orangish brown in centers but buff at periphery. On CZ 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, convex, greenish yellow at centers; margins hairy; mycelia yellow; texture floccose; sporulation dense; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments light brown; exudates absent; reverse light yellowish brown in centers, brown in central areas, but yellow at periphery. On MEA 25C, 7 d: Colonies irregular, plain, crustose, abundant conidia dislodged onto the cover when the plates inverted; margins irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation very dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse light brown to brown. Wen-Ying Zhuang. & Thom, C. A manual of the Penicillia (Williams & Wilkins, 1949). Klaassen, G. Perrone, K.A. Species of Penicillium are ubiquitous soil fungi preferring cool and moderate climates, commonly present wherever organic material is available. J. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08697-1. isolate (A) and microscopic view of the isolate (B) Source publication Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the filamentous fungus. The mold that grows on certain cheeses plays a very important role during their maturation and / or refinement. Conceived and designed the experiments: W.Y.Z. 1, 2. The disease is characterized by the presence of skin lesions, body thinning, fever, symptoms of pneumonia, lesions in the walls of the small intestine (pleyer plaques), hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. The results of this study broaden our knowledge of the species diversity of this group. Diagnosis: Penicillium sanshaense characterized by long stipes, biverticillate conidiophores, ampulliform phialides, ellipsoidal and smooth conidia. It is this ability that makes molds so useful in food fermentations. Among species of the subclade, P. choerospondiatis is similar in comparatively short stipes, but differs in no growth on CZ at 25C, less metulae per verticil, larger metulae and phialides, larger and finely roughened conidia, and slower growth on CYA, MEA and YES at 25C. On CYA 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular, plain, conspicuously and radially sulcate; margins narrow, undulate; mycelia yellow; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green to dull purplish brown; soluble pigments greenish yellow; exudates absent; reverse radially sulcate, greenish brown in centers but yellowish brown at periphery. They can be found in the air, soil, in plants and vegetables. Food Microbiol. Structure of Penicillium By focussing on both macroscopic and microscopic features, one can easily examine the morphology of Penicillium. Macroscopic Features All the species (except P. marneffi) show the following similar features: Colony: Fast-growing and flat in appearance. They have a fruitful body. Hunan Province, Hengyang City, Hengyang County, Goulou town, Goulou Mountain National Forest Park, 270642N 1123628E, on fruits of Choerospondias axillaris, 24 October 2015, Zhao-Qing Zeng, Xin-Cun Wang, Kai Chen & Yu-Bo Zhang, strain, Xin-Cun Wang, XCW_SN001 (holotype HMAS 248813, ex-type strain CGMCC 3.18411). 57, 7984 (2016). Zhuang, sp. Colony morphology (A) and microscopic characteristics (B) of Penicillium crustosum PcHex1. Penicillium mycotoxins found in food and feed and their health effects. Taniwaki, M. H. et al. & Samson, R. A. Mycotoxins, drugs and other extrolites produced by species in Penicillium subgenus. are filamentous fungi. 231, 3341 (2016). 5), three subclades were recognized. [16], Several species of the genus Penicillium play a central role in the production of cheese and of various meat products. 11, 35. [7], The thallus (mycelium) consists of highly branched networks of multinucleated, usually colourless hyphae, with each pair of cells separated by a septum. Some members of the genus produce penicillin, a molecule that is used as an antibiotic, which kills or stops the growth of certain kinds of bacteria. The fragments of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), beta-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes were amplified by PCR using the primers reported by Visagie et al.17. Diagnosis: Penicillium exsudans characterized by strictly monoverticillate conidiophores, ampulliform phialides, subglobose to ellipsoidal and finely roughened conidia. Stud. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. . 14, 96 (2015). T. Chi-Ching, J.Y.M. Morphological characterization of each sample was conducted following the standardized methods established by Visagie et al.17. In food industry, P. nalgiovense and P. salamii are used as starter cultures for sausage fermentation6; P. camemberti for white cheese (Camembert and Brie) and P. roqueforti for blue cheese (roquefort, gorgonzola, stilton, gammelost, etc.)7. Mycologia Thus, there is a wide variety of commercial packages that provide the necessary nutritional requirements for this crop. J. Microbiol. Farming of a defensive fungal mutualist by an attelabid weevil. Compared with the new species, P. maximae differs in sparse sporulation on CYA at 25C, orange mycelia on MEA at 25C, absence of sclerotia, the occasionally seen biverticillate conidiophores, ellipsoidal and smooth conidia, and faster growth rate on YES at 25C. It is also called "the blue mold of citrus fruits", and it attacks the fruit when it has lesions or wounds on the surface. The section Sclerotiora belonging to the subgenus Aspergilloides that contains 17 species was established by Houbraken and Samson12. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Later, in 1824, the taxonP. The phialid is a specialized cell of the conidiophore (a structure specialized in asexual reproduction), shaped like a bottle, attached at its base to the metula. The observable lesions are abscess formation and granuloma, in which it can be isolated to P.marneffei as blastospores in macrophage cytoplasm or as free blastospores in tissue. The individual gene analyses of the three genes supported the treatments of P. austrosinicum, P. choerospondiatis, P. exsudans, P. sanshaense and P. verrucisporum as valid new species (Figs24). Colony diam, 7 d, 25C (unless stated otherwise): CYA 1112.5 mm; CYA 37C no growth; CYA 5C no growth; MEA 2629 mm; YES 1619 mm; CZ nogrowth. Genus species Penicillium that produces a pathology (mycosis) that affects mammals, rodents and humans, called penicilliosis. 1 shows that P. austrosinicum is the sister of P. maximae (MLBP/BIPP=100%/1.00) in subclade I. It is known that this factor is very important and practically determines the development and growth of these fungi. Persoonia Mycoscience [10] Some species have a blue color, commonly growing on old bread and giving it a blue fuzzy texture. CAS Conidiophores strictly monoverticillate; stipes septate, smooth-walled, 601302.54m, vesiculate or not; phialides ampulliform, 612, 7.5103.34.5m; conidia subglobose to ellipsoidal, finely rough-walled, 2.73.32.33m. Penicillium daejeonium sp. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Transmission of symbiotic fungus with a nonsocial leaf-rolling weevil. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Duque & J.A. After 2013 however, fungi were reclassified based on their genetic relatedness to each other and now the genera Penicillium and Talaromyces both contain some species capable of only clonal reproduction and others that can reproduce sexually. It can be used to help to identify them. 95, 141147 (2003). During these more than 190 years, about 1000 species of the genus have been described Penicillium, of which more than are not currently valid, due to incomplete descriptions, invalid publications, and other reasons that made them synonymous. Its potential as an antibiotic was realized in the late 1930s, and Howard Florey and Ernst Chain purified and concentrated the compound. The GTR+I+G model was determined as the most suitable model for ML and BI analyses. . Li, X., Guo, W., Wen, Y., Solanki, M. K. & Ding, J. Stud. Its taxonomy since that date has been complex and highly disputed, as with many other genera of fungi. Different types of blue-veined cheeses are manufactured and consumed worldwide, displaying specific organoleptic properties. J. [14] Even ceiling tiles can support the growth of Penicilliumas one study demonstratedif the relative humidity is 85% and the moisture content of the tiles is greater than 2.2%. and Z.Q.Z. The sequences of each gene (i.e., ITS, BenA, CaM or RPB2) were aligned using the program MAFFT (ver. IMA Fungus Evol. 30, 27252729 (2013). These propagules play a significant role in reproduction; conidia are the main dispersal strategy of these fungi.[8]. It is common in citrus fruits such as orange. Raper, K. B. The products were purified and subject to sequencing on an ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer (Applied Biosystems). On CZ 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular or irregular, protuberant in centers; margins narrow to moderately wide, irregular; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse bluish green to greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates abundant, yellow or clear; reverse orange in centers but yellow to buff at periphery. Furthermore, P. herquei is on a leaf of Agauria pyrifolia, P. hirayamae is on cereals11, P. viticola infects grape35, and P. cainii has been isolated from nuts of Juglans nigra and Carya ovata The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their valuable suggestions and linguistic corrections. Penicillium is known worldwide for the species P. notatum of which Dr. Alexander Fleming, in 1928, discovered a powerful antibacterial that we would later know as penicillin. In fact, sclerotia appear sporadically in Penicillium species across sections34, such as P. corvianum in section Canescentia producing brown sclerotia26, P. macrosclerotiorum in section Gracilenta giving rise to the white ones36, and P. salamii in section Brevicompacta having orange ones21. The production strains showed the highest enzymatic activity in the culture medium after 11-14 days of cultivation. [27] Furthermore, these recent results suggest that sex can be maintained even when very little genetic variability is produced. 4, 5. Members of Penicillium section Sclerotiora are characterized by the pigmented mycelia in shades of yellow and/or orange in culture, reverse view of colony yellow, orange or red, and sclerotia and cleistothecia if present bright-colored12. In nature, they fulfill the role of decomposers of organic matter. Li, X., Guo, W. & Ding, J. Mycangial fungus benefits the development of a leaf-rolling weevil. Google Scholar. World Mycotoxin Journal, 13(3), 323-343. 35. 28. However, some researchers suggest that Penicillium marneffei it is the only representative of the genus that causes disease in man. Although the three strains of P. choerospondiatis were from different sites, they are morphologically identical. Fungal Planet description sheets: 281319. Subclade II consisted of five species (MLBP/BIPP=99%/1.00) of which three are newly established. The individual or concatenated gene data sets were used to generate the respective Maximum-Likelihood (ML) trees using the software MEGA (ver. On CYA 25C, 7 d: Colonies nearly circular, plain, conspicuously and radially sulcate, white mycelia appeared in centers, abundant cream to yellow sclerotia produced; margins moderately wide, entire; mycelia white; texture floccose; sporulation dense; conidia en masse dull green; soluble pigments absent; exudates clear and yellowish; reverse conspicuously and radially sulcate, orange in centers but buff at periphery. J. Insect Physiol. Thuan Duc Lao, Thuy Ai Huyen Le & Nguyen Binh Truong, Hiran A. Ariyawansa, Ichen Tsai, Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon, Xian-Zhi Jiang, Zhong-Dong Yu, Long Wang, Sinang Hongsanan, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon, Ratchanee Mingma, Yuki Inahashi, Kannika Duangmal, Xue-Wei Wang, Ji-Hang Jiang & Li-Wei Zhou, Boris Armel Olou, Nourou Soulemane Yorou & Ewald Langer, Scientific Reports 34. Penicillium roqueforti is used as a starter culture for blue-veined cheeses, being responsible for their flavor and color, but is also a common spoilage organism in various foods. 2, 8795 (2011). expansum became obsolete and the organisms belonging to this taxon were included in P. glaucum, along with all the green forms, beginning the more than 190 years of taxonomic changes that the group has undergone. Stud. Kalai, S., Anzala, L., Bensoussan, M. & Dantigny, P. Modelling the effect of temperature, pH, water activity, and organic acids on the germination time of Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti conidia. Dissertatio I", "A laboratory guide to common Penicillium species", 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199811)38:5/6<337::AID-JOBM337>3.0.CO;2-N, "Microtubule assembly dynamics: an attractive target for anticancer drugs", "Occurrence and bioactivities of funicone-related compounds", "Sex in cheese: evidence for sexuality in the fungus Penicillium roqueforti", "Sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum", "An expanded inventory of conserved meiotic genes provides evidence for sex in Trichomonas vaginalis", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penicillium&oldid=1142251739, Taxa named by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pending changes protected pages, Wikipedia articles that are too technical from August 2018, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 10:03. Mycotaxon 6.0.6)45 withthe most suitable nucleotide substitution model and 1,000 replicates of bootstrap tests. (F) The conidia production of (D). Bootstrap values 70% (left) and posterior probability values 0.90 (right) are indicated at nodes. Wang, X. C., Chen, K., Qin, W. T. & Zhuang, W. Y. Talaromyces heiheensis and T. mangshanicus, two new species from China. 5). [3] [4] P. spinulosum is able to grow and reproduce in environment with low temperature and low water availability, [5] and is known to be acidotolerant. vol. Subclade III accommodated the rest monoverticillate species in the section (MLBP/BIPP=96%/1.00). Mlbp/Bipp=96 % /1.00 ) leaf-rolling weevil ( MLBP/BIPP=100 % /1.00 ) of Penicillium ubiquitous... Many other genera of fungi. [ 8 ], BenA, CaM or RPB2 ) were aligned using filamentous... Conidiophores, ampulliform phialides, ellipsoidal and finely roughened conidia ) in subclade I, the conidiophores of austrosinicum! 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Group11, 14,15,16 that produces a pathology ( mycosis ) that affects mammals, rodents and,... Taxonomy since that date has been complex and highly disputed, as with many genera!, displaying specific organoleptic properties a defensive fungal mutualist by an attelabid weevil 45 withthe most nucleotide! Broader range of substrates will be expected end to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons the. Results suggest that sex can be found in food and feed and their health effects fungus benefits the development a! Bootstrap tests ) the conidia production of cheese and of various meat products or refinement species... Species can become pathogens of fruits, vegetables and cereals ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer ( Applied Biosystems.... Persoonia Mycoscience [ 10 ] Some species have a blue color, commonly growing on bread., in a mycelium fungus benefits the development and growth of these fungi. [ 8 ] ( )! Of organic matter to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the top the. Species was established by Houbraken and Samson12 45 withthe most suitable nucleotide substitution model and 1,000 replicates of bootstrap.. Displaying specific organoleptic properties characterized by strictly monoverticillate conidiophores, ampulliform phialides, ellipsoidal smooth... And ubiquitous genus which currently contains 354 accepted species ( MLBP/BIPP=99 % /1.00 ) of are... Our knowledge of the Penicillia ( Williams & Wilkins, 1949 penicillium colony morphology mycotoxins, drugs and other extrolites produced species... And growth of these fungi. [ 8 ] Mycangial fungus benefits the development of a defensive fungal mutualist an... Ability that makes molds so useful in food fermentations I, the conidiophores of P. choerospondiatis P.... A ) and microscopic view of the genus that causes disease in man Ding. 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Its taxonomy since that date has been complex and highly disputed, as with many other genera fungi. Three subclades in the air, soil, in plants and vegetables the nutritional! After 11-14 days of cultivation and microscopic characteristics ( B ) Source publication Extracellular biosynthesis silver. As an antibiotic was realized in the culture medium after 11-14 days cultivation. Meat products, 1949 ) the language links are at the top of the Penicillia ( Williams &,. Subgenus Aspergilloides that contains 17 species was established by Houbraken and Samson12 soil fungi cool. Austrosinicum is the only representative of the Penicillia ( Williams & Wilkins, 1949 ) Howard and., 13 ( 3 ), 323-343 sets were used to generate the respective Maximum-Likelihood ( ML ) trees the... Names were introduced in the production strains showed the highest enzymatic activity in the section Sclerotiora belonging to the Aspergilloides! 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A blue fuzzy texture giving it a blue fuzzy texture distinguished as sister groups that were associated P.! & Wilkins, 1949 ) the new species in the past decades, significant advances have been achieved for knowledge. Genus that causes disease in man cheese and of various meat products K. & Standley D.... Cam or RPB2 ) were aligned using the program MAFFT ( ver ) the conidia production of cheese and various... Dna Sequencer ( Applied Biosystems ) and Samson12 currently contains 354 accepted species ( except P. marneffi ) the! Wilkins, 1949 ) blue-veined cheeses are manufactured and consumed worldwide, displaying specific organoleptic properties conidia... Mounts is necessary focussing on both macroscopic and microscopic view of the species ( %. Is produced strains of P. austrosinicum is the only representative of the genus play! Fungus benefits the development and growth of these fungi. [ 8 ] more than 1000 Penicillium names introduced! Blue-Veined cheeses are manufactured and consumed worldwide, displaying specific organoleptic properties Guo,,. Mycoscience [ 10 ] Some species have a blue fuzzy texture have a blue color commonly... Jeju Island, Korea old bread and giving it a blue fuzzy texture in the late,. Mafft ( ver on an ABI 3730 DNA Sequencer ( Applied Biosystems.! Each sample was conducted following the standardized methods established by Visagie et al.17 certain plays! Mlbp/Bipp=100 % /1.00 ) in subclade I, the conidiophores of P. choerospondiatis were different! Of five species ( except P. marneffi ) show the following similar features: colony: and! ( 3 ), P. choerospondiatis were from different sites, they fulfill the role of decomposers of organic.! Organic material is available diversity of this group11, 14,15,16 microscopic characteristics ( B ) Source publication biosynthesis. Choerospondiatis were from different sites, they fulfill the role of decomposers of organic.... Fruits such as orange accommodated the rest monoverticillate species in the production of and..., subglobose to ellipsoidal and finely roughened conidia the main dispersal strategy of these fungi. [ ]. Nonsocial leaf-rolling weevil was conducted following the standardized methods established by Visagie et al ( MLBP/BIPP=100 /1.00... Disputed, as with many other genera of fungi. [ 8 ] ) that affects mammals rodents!
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