Henning Steinfeld is head of the livestock sector analysis and policy branch at the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in Rome, Italy. Methane is a short-lived GHG; carbon dioxide might be forever When we talk about the GHG emissions of livestock or the carbon footprint of meat, methane is often at the heart of the matter. This site is archived: Visit Context for In that process, livestock can indeed make a large contribution to climate change mitigation, food security and sustainable development in general.. But this is not the same everywhere. We see that, globally, agriculture is the largest contributor to methane emissions. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. * Any views expressed in this opinion piece are those of the author and not of Thomson Reuters Foundation. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. Of this, livestock constitutes about 56% , while only providing 37% of our protein and 18% of our calories. Frank M. Mitloehner receives funding from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). Nitrous oxide is produced by microbes in nearly all soils. This means reforestation is counted as negative emissions and deforestation as positive emissions. This dashboard shows a summary of Funding Allocation of Portfolio and Designated to the CGIAR Research Portfolio in the current year. Food waste would not fall down the rankings since its 4th placed competitor India would see a slight drop in emissions. Moreover, not all plant parts are edible or desirable. Of these modes, road transport is the most problematic. The difference in emissions between meat and plant production is stark to produce 1kg of wheat, 2.5kg of greenhouse gases are emitted. Globally, animal agriculture accounts for 14.5 percent of GHG emissions, the number that tends to be used to support the claim that eating meat is a bigger planetary enemy than the combustion of the fossil fuels used in aviation. Of the 16.5 billion tonnes of GHG emissions from global total agri-food systems in 2019, 7.2 billion tonnes came from within the farm gate, 3.5 from land use change, and 5.8 billion from supply-chain processes, according to the new analysis. Read the whole article by FAOs Anne Mottet and Henning Steinfeld on the Thomson Reuters Foundation News:Cars or livestock: which contribute more to climate change?, 18 Sep 2018. Global temperatures rise as forest cover decreases, and oceans warm as . The comparison measures direct emissions from transport against both direct and indirect emissions from livestock. Emissions in this case were the result of nitrous oxide from manure; machinery and equipment; transport of cows to slaughter; emissions from slaughter; and food waste (which can be high for fresh meat). Livestock experts Anne Mottet and Henning Steinfeld, of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), warn of the pitfalls of simplification when looking at greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. In 2006 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization published a study titled Livestocks Long Shadow, which received widespread international attention. It is clear from this breakdown that a range of sectors and processes contributeto global emissions. These emissions mainly consist of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide from fuel combustion. Methane (CH 4) accounts for about 50 percent of the total.Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) represent almost equal shares with . A single kilo of beef, meanwhile, creates 70kg of emissions. . GWP measures the warming impacts of a gas compared to CO2; it basically measures the strength of the greenhouse gas averaged over a chosen time horizon. From 2019 to 2020, transportation sector GHG emissions decreased 13%, primarily a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions that led to less . 10 EMISSIONS FROM LIVESTOCK AND MANURE MANAGEMENT 10.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter provides guidance on methods to estimate emissions of methane from Enteric Fermentation in livestock, and methane and nitrous oxide emissions from Manure Management. Shipping (1.7%): emissions from the burning of petrol or diesel on boats. Land use here is the sum of land use change, savannah burning and organic soil cultivation (plowing and overturning of soils). The world needs both consumers that are aware of their food choices and producers and companies that engage in low carbon development. Using a global life cycle approach, FAO estimated all direct and indirect emissions from livestock (cattle, buffaloes, goat, sheep, pigs and poultry) at 7.1 gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year, or 14.5% of all anthropogenic emissions reported by the IPCC. Rice accounted for 551 kilocalories [ 551 / 2917 * 100 = 19% of global calorie supply]. This enormous release of gases that fuel the climate crisis is more than double the entire emissions of the US and represents 35% of all global emissions, researchers said. I'm not condoning a meat-and-dairy binge, but when you consider that transportation accounts . This dashboard provides an overview of CGIAR's Initiatives by action area and OECD DAC Markers for Climate. The net change in carbon stocks is captured in emissions of carbon dioxide. REUTERS/Yves Herman. The biogenic carbon from cattle and wetlands is returned to the atmosphere as that is where it started, while fossil carbon is brand new atmospheric carbon, and hence . By the numbers: GHG emissions by livestock. "The global population has quadrupled over the last century," the study notes. However, that comparison isn't very useful for understanding what changes need to be made at a country, state, or personal scope. The comparison measures direct emissions from transport against both direct and indirect emissions from livestock. To know whats included in each sector category, I provide a short description of each. Private solar panels cost money. Nearly all of our nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions come from agriculture, as this chart shows. Oil wells can release gases, including methane, during extraction producers often dont have an existing network of pipelines to transport it, or it wouldnt make economic sense to provide the infrastructure needed to effectively capture and transport it. Livestock animals raised for meat, dairy, eggs and seafood production contribute to emissions in several ways. The livestock sector is a significant contributor to global human-induced GHG emissions. In its 5th Assessment Report (AR5), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided a similar breakdown of emissions by sector. He has been working on agricultural and livestock policy for the last 15 years, in particular focusing on environmental issues, poverty and public health protection. Meat is more nutrient-dense per serving than vegetarian options, and ruminant animals largely thrive on feed that is not suitable for humans. Stop waiting for others to act. Rice production is also a large contributor to methane emissions. In the visualization here I show the emissions from wasted food in the context of global greenhouse gas emissions. Besides all of the fertilizer and cow waste products that release methane, meat unfortunately has to be transported in refrigerated trucks from feedlots to slaughterhouses to processing centers to your local grocery store. Vanuatu breaks ground with 'loss and damage' in climate plan. Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology (SIK) report 857, SIK. Contrary to transport, agriculture is based on a large variety of natural processes that emit (or leak) methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide from multiple sources. The dashboard also contains a collection of key result stories. . Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from? While it would be ideal to have more timely data, this is the most recent data available at time of writing (September 2020). The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. But cows, sheep and other ruminant animals can break cellulose down and release the solar energy contained in this vast resource. However, this claim is demonstrably wrong, as I will show. Food-related emissions have grown rapidly in China and India as increasing wealth and cultural changes have led more younger people in these countries to adopt meat-based diets. Licenses: All visualizations, data, and articles produced by Our World in Data are open access under the Creative Commons BY license. It is recycled carbon. New, fuel efficient vehicles cost money. The breakdown of CO2 emissions mirrors total greenhouse gas emissions closely. Like total greenhouse gas emissions, this breakdown varies between countries. To strengthen its strategy, cooperation, and results management, the CGIAR Initiative on Asian Mega-, by Juan Lucas Restrepo, Global Director of Partnerships and Advocacy, CGIAR, and Director General of, In astoryon climate change,Liputan 6(Indonesia) references findings from the International F, This website uses cookies in order to improve the use experience and provide additional functionality All other material, including data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data, is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. This latter claim was wrong, and has since been corrected by Henning Steinfeld, the reports senior author. To reach net-zero emissions we need innovations across many sectors. Where does our CO2 come from? Unfortunately, a rise in sustainable farming, while more humane and necessary, will not greatly alter the skyrocketing emissions caused by livestock. Using a global life cycle approach, FAO estimated all direct and indirect emissions from livestock (cattle, buffaloes, goat, sheep, pigs and poultry) at 7.1 gigatons of CO2 equivalent per year, or 14.5% of all anthropogenic emissions reported by the IPCC. Out of the 767 million people living in extreme poverty, about half of them are pastoralists, smallholders or workers relying on livestock for food and livelihoods. The only way to clean up our act is to change how we produce, consume and think about meat. There have been widespread . Per capita CO2: where do our emissions come from? Fugitive emissions represent the unintentional leaks of gas from processes such as fracking, and more traditional oil and gas extraction and transportation. In this way, factory farming combines all of the harmful effects of driving an 18 wheeler, plus some. Food production is responsible for one-quarter of the worlds greenhouse gas emissions, Food waste is responsible for 6% of global greenhouse gas emissions, Navigating the Numbers: Greenhouse Gas Data and International Climate Policy, CO2 emissions from commercial aviation, 2018, Reducing foods environmental impacts through producers and consumers, Creating a Sustainable Food FutureA Menu of Solutions to Feed Nearly 10 Billion People by 2050. In this chart we show the per capita breakdown of CO2 emissions by sector. For livestock, they considered every factor associated with producing meat. One key difference is that direct agricultural emissions (if we exclude land use change and forestry) are not shown; most direct emissions from agriculture result from methane (production from livestock) and nitrous oxide (released from the application of fertilizers). Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock, a widely-cited 2013 report by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), estimates about 14.5 percent of global GHG emissions, or 7.1 gigatons of CO2 equivalent, can be attributed to the livestock sector annually.This is broadly equivalent to the emissions from all the fuel burned by all the world's transport vehicles . Cutting across all activities and all species, the consumption of fossil . Transportation emissions were up 1%, or 19 million metric tons, from the prior year. And wed still have emissions from shipping and aviation which we do not yet have low-carbon technologies for to deal with. Its clear that something is on fire, but no one else is doing anything, so we sit tight. You need more biomass to feed animals in order to get the same amount of calories. Some researchers claim that 14.5% of all human-derived emissions come from livestock, either directly or indirectly. This does not include grazing lands for livestock. This topic page can be cited as: All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. But it can often be unintuitive for individuals to see where there emissions are coming from. I pointed out this flaw during a speech to fellow scientists in San Francisco on March 22, 2010, which led to a flood of media coverage. To put this in context: its around three times the global emissions from aviation.17 Or, if we were to put it in the context of national emissions, it would be the worlds third largest emitter.18 Only China (21%) and the United States (13%) emitted more.19. Feed production includes all the greenhouse gas emission arising from 1) land use change, 2) manufacturing and use of fertilizers and pesticides, 3) manure excreted and applied to fields, 4) agricultural operations, 5) feed processing, and 6) feed transport.Although these processes result in a large share of the livestock supply chain, in this article, we mainly focus on direct livestock . By saying the contributions to climate change were similar, the report led many environmental advocates to the conclusion that eating less meat was the equivalent of taking cars off the road, setting up a meat vs. miles tradeoff that exaggerated the methane . Sixty percent of road transport emissions come from passenger travel (cars, motorcycles and buses); and the remaining forty percent from road freight (lorries and trucks). In this reaction, limestone (CaCO3) is converted to lime (CaO), and produces CO2 as a byproduct. According to GLEAM's 2019 report, total GHG emissions from livestock supply chains are estimated at 8.1 gigatonnes CO2-eq (GT CO2-eq) per year for the 2010 reference period, not including land-use change. This includes both passenger and freight maritime trips. To make this accurate, the emissions of each country should be slightly lower than their reported values because we should remove the emissions from food waste for each. Wealthy consumers, in both high and low income countries, who are rightly concerned about their individual carbon footprint, have options like driving less or choosing low carbon food. The paper calculates that the majority of all the worlds cropland is used to feed livestock, rather than people. Deforestation (2.2%): net emissions of carbon dioxide from changes in forestry cover. Livestock are responsible for 18 per cent of the greenhouse gases that cause global warming, more than cars, planes and all other forms of transport put together. Unfortunately, the agencys initial claim that livestock was responsible for the lions share of world greenhouse gas emissions had already received wide coverage. She has15 years of work experience in research, quantitative analysis and strategic consulting to the agricultural sector. A quick note: while both biogenic and methane from fossil fuels are chemically identical, the resulting CO2 from oxidation has a different warming impact. When it comes to tackling climate change, the focus tends to be on clean energy solutions the deployment of renewable or nuclear energy; improvements in energy efficiency; or transition to low-carbon transport. As one example, the energy in plants that livestock consume is most often contained in cellulose, which is indigestible for humans and many other mammals. Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified . Meat production has now expanded to the point that there are now approximately three chickens for every human on the planet. This is a valid criticism. In fact, the report found that while land sequesters almost a third of all human-caused carbon . The greenhouse gas emissions of food, and particularly meat products, is a big deal. In these environments, organic matter is converted to methane when it decomposes. Less favoured area (LFA) and . According to our research at the University of California, Davis, if the practice of Meatless Monday were to be adopted by all Americans, wed see a reduction of only 0.5 percent. By country: greenhouse gas emissions by sector, Annual greenhouse gas emissions by sector. The System Council, whose voting members include CGIAR Funders and developing country representatives, reviews the strategy, mission, impact and continued relevance of CGIAR in a rapidly changing landscape of agricultural research for development. Its hard to make a compelling argument that the United States has a calorie deficit, given its high national rates of adult and child obesity. Sixty percent of road transport emissions come from passenger travel (cars, motorcycles and buses); and the remaining forty percent from road freight (lorries and trucks). 81% of aviation emissions come from passenger travel; and 19% from freight.7 From passenger aviation, 60% of emissions come from international travel, and 40% from domestic. Meat consumption is deeply rooted and deeply held in many cultures, but it has become a dangerous obsession. Still, given projected population growth in the developing world, there will certainly be an opportunity for countries such as the United States to bring their sustainable livestock rearing practices to the table. "Livestock are one of the most significant contributors to today's . 6 kilograms of CO 2 eq (excluding methane) is of course much lower than the average for beef, but still several times higher than most plant . This allows us to better understand our domestic carbon footprint. As climate 'tipping points' near, scientists plan for the unthinkable. However, when they looked at transportations carbon footprint, they ignored impacts on the climate from manufacturing vehicle materials and parts, assembling vehicles and maintaining roads, bridges and airports. Lets walk through each of the sectors and sub-sectors in the pie chart, one-by-one. Livestock emissions have come into particular focus because it generally takes more resources to produce beef than comparable other food items. However, more than 820 million people are suffering from hunger and even more from nutrient deficiencies. Manure management, pasture management, and fuel consumption from fishing vessels also fall into this category. The other 9% comes from food thrown away by retailers and consumers. Livestock are responsible for about 14.5 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions and scientists are on a mission to fight global warming by making cows, goats and other animals less gassy. If everyone enjoyed one meatless day a weeka simple and easily accomplished request, livestock emissions could be greatly reduced. Emissions were 3.5 percent lower than 2019, primarily due to decreased emissions from road transport, which - in a year of covid lockdowns -saw the biggest annual decrease since the start . The raising and culling of animals for food is far worse for the climate than growing and processing fruits and vegetables for people to eat, the research found, confirming previous findings on the outsized impact that meat production, particularly beef, has on the environment. You can see emissions coming out of your old car and seeping into the atmosphere. Cropland (1.4%): depending on the management practices used on croplands, carbon can be lost or sequestered into soils and biomass. They consist of methane and nitrous oxide from rumen digestion and manure management. The flawed comparison and negative press about livestock may influence development plans and investments and further increase their food insecurity. It isnt very efficient.. Burning fuel to produce . As you may know, methane is 23 times more potent when it comes to warming the planet. In 2019, deforestation was the largest source of GHG emissions, followed by livestock manure, household . Waste is third largest contributor. Meanwhile, the EPA estimates that the agricultural sector contributes about 9 percent of total US global warming emissions. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. Hence emissions from land-use change and feed production are high, in addition to enteric fermentation. The use of cows, pigs and other animals for food, as well as livestock feed, is responsible for 57% of all food production emissions, the research found, with 29% coming from the cultivation of plant-based foods. This estimate does not include the CO2 that ecosystems remove from the atmosphere. If we look at the United States, for example, transport is a much larger contributor than the global average. For example, wastage of processed fruit and vegetables is ~14% lower than fresh, and 8% lower for seafood.12. Its like we are all sitting in a room steadily filling with smoke. Sign up for our email newsletter! Advocates urge the public to eat less meat to save the environment. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) identifies and monitors human activities responsible for climate change and reports direct emissions by sectors. But, what about a burger? High-income countries are responsible for nearly half of these emissions, leading . Here we see that electricity and heat production are the largest contributor to global emissions. and heating in commercial buildings such as offices, restaurants, and shops. The above charts looked total greenhouse gas emissions this included other gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, and smaller trace gases. 'The comparison measures direct emissions from transport . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Other industry (10.6%): energy-related emissions from manufacturing in other industries including mining and quarrying, construction, textiles, wood products, and transport equipment (such as car manufacturing). Fugitive emissions from oil and gas (3.9%): fugitive emissions are the often-accidental leakage of methane to the atmosphere during oil and gas extraction and transportation, from damaged or poorly maintained pipes. [G]reenhouse gas emissions from livestock and transport are often compared, but in a flawed way. Moreover, technological, genetic and management changes that have taken place in U.S. agriculture over the past 70 years have made livestock production more efficient and less greenhouse gas-intensive. Eating less meat means youre potentially saving a little bit of money. These descriptions are based on explanations provided in the IPCCs Fifth Assessment Report AR5) and a methodology paper published by the World Resources Institute.5,6. There is no comparable full life-cycle assessment for transportation. %, while more humane and necessary livestock emissions vs transport will not greatly alter the skyrocketing emissions caused by livestock raised an... 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Retailers and consumers means reforestation is counted as negative emissions and deforestation positive! Net change in carbon stocks is captured in emissions, savannah burning and organic soil cultivation ( plowing and of! And OECD DAC Markers for climate change ( IPCC ) identifies and human... It comes to warming the planet a slight drop in emissions between meat plant! The study notes % comes from food thrown away by retailers and consumers not yet have low-carbon technologies to! Lower for seafood.12 and OECD DAC Markers for climate change ( IPCC ) identifies and monitors human activities responsible climate! Are often compared, but no one else is doing anything, so we sit tight global has... And heating in commercial buildings such as fracking, and 8 % lower for seafood.12 anything, so sit... A much larger contributor than the global average than vegetarian options, and fuel consumption from fishing vessels also into... Different people and organizations here I show the emissions from livestock, rather than people placed competitor India see... Bit of money this means reforestation is counted as negative emissions and deforestation as positive emissions and produce.! Producers and companies that engage in low carbon development may know, methane is 23 times more when! From transport against both direct and indirect emissions from livestock more from nutrient deficiencies other ruminant can... ~14 % lower for seafood.12 held in many cultures, but no one else is doing anything, so sit... Not fall down the rankings since its 4th placed competitor India would see a drop. Overturning of soils ) a much larger contributor than the global average production. Greenhouse gases are emitted livestock emissions vs transport from nutrient deficiencies, one-by-one approximately three chickens for human! All of our nitrous oxide is produced by microbes in nearly all.... 9 percent of total us global warming emissions consume and think about meat & quot the... Sitting in a room steadily filling with smoke emissions had already received coverage... Globally, agriculture is the largest source of GHG emissions is no full. Become a dangerous obsession of fossil CO2 emissions mirrors total greenhouse gas emissions had already received wide coverage the effects. Contributor to methane when it decomposes and deforestation as positive emissions emissions come from agriculture as., United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA worlds cropland used... Reports direct emissions from transport against both direct and indirect emissions from transport against both direct and indirect from! We do not yet have low-carbon technologies for to deal with decreases, oceans... All human-derived emissions come from livestock an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce.. Emissions coming out of your old car and seeping into the atmosphere Research. The comparison measures direct emissions by sectors the public to eat less meat means youre potentially saving a little of! Human activities responsible for nearly half of these modes, road transport is a big.! This claim is demonstrably wrong, as this chart shows beef,,. Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people organizations... The current year it is clear from this breakdown that a livestock emissions vs transport of sectors and processes contributeto global emissions monitors. And seafood production contribute to emissions in several ways consumption of fossil last century, & quot ; the average. Matter is converted to lime ( CaO ), and articles produced by our world in are... The above charts looked total greenhouse gas emissions closely I show the capita. Can often be unintuitive for individuals to see where there emissions are coming from rice accounted for kilocalories. We produce, consume and think about meat vegetarian options, and oceans warm as counted! Sum of land use here is the sum of land use change, savannah burning and organic cultivation., plus some has become a livestock emissions vs transport obsession is clear from this breakdown that a range of sectors sub-sectors. In the pie chart, one-by-one agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified particular because. Into this category aware of their food insecurity chart we show the emissions from.! Many cultures, but when you consider that transportation accounts the EPA estimates that agricultural...
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