And, third and finally, western intelligence services have a responsibility to work to enhance the capabilities of their partners who are the front lines of the toughest issues we facethose services in the Middle East and North Africa, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and East Asia. Many in this group argue that America and the world are facing a new type of warfare; Bruce Berkowitz, for example, writes that the 9/11 attacks were an act of military geniusand may well foreshadow the next era of warfare (Berkowitz, 2002a, pp. Intelligence information helps police to solve cases and make arrests that can lead to successful prosecution in court. Under current law, defendants who are charged with certain federal crimes are presumptively denied bail. Intelligence is generally understood to have increased in importance and prestige since the 9/11 attacks. The role of intelligence in determining outcomes of battles and wars has varied dramatically across conflicts and time, contributing to wide differences in judgments about the importance of intelligence in war. Then-CIA Director Michael Hayden points out another difference between the problems faced by the intelligence community in the Cold War and today. The war on terrorism has even been described as an intelligence war (Aid, 2012; Hayden, 2010). It also seeks to guide the decisions on operational work done by the police, and the rational allocation of human, material, and technical resources. The first step in a targeted attack - or a penetration test or red team activity - is gathering intelligence on the target. Contify is an artificial-intelligence-enabled, competitive, and market intelligence . The term training would be defined as instruction or teaching designed to impart a specific skill, and the prohibition on providing personnel in support of terrorism would be amended to make clear that the prohibition extends to providing oneself. House. Vol. Another important proposal that would be of great help to the law enforcement community would clarify the scope of the current criminal prohibition on providing material support to terrorism or terrorist organizations. While most of the literature on intelligence and terrorism since 9/11 has focused on the threat from al-Qaeda and other Islamist groups such as ISIL (Pillar, 2014; Bouzis, 2015), some authors look at other terrorist problems. By far the greater failure was political the decision to displace the regime of Saddam Hussein was not rooted firmly or solely in intelligence. Dec. 3, 2003). Michael Herman (2003) argues that even the best HUMINTand the extensive liaison with foreign services it often entailswill not provide a magical solution on targets of the Al-Qaeda kind (p. 44). A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence. It offers you more than just a quick database of people who you may wish to contact. With these priorities in mind, personnel develop intelligence requirements; begin collection based on these . Our failure to deny pretrial release presumptively to individuals changed with federal crimes of terrorism has already enabled terrorists to escape justice. I hope these bills are swiftly enacted into law. 1980). So, it is important to gather from multiple sources and verify the authenticity of the data's origins. Cambridge: Polity Press. Yes, intelligence services need to be good stewards of the taxpayers money, but they must receive what they need. There are five main ways of collecting intelligence that are often referred to as "intelligence collection disciplines" or the "INTs.". Because traditional intelligence threat assessments are more difficult to produce, many intelligence and security officials have begun to use vulnerability based assessments that start by identifying ones own vulnerabilities and then develop scenarios the enemy may follow. Washington DC: CQ Press. There are no troop mobilizations to watch for, no ships, no aircraft to track. The first is that Western nations must fund their intelligence services to the level that's necessary for them to be effective. Some actions make no sense unless carried out with an element of surprise, such as arrests (Herman, 2001, p. 5). Amy Zegart, for example, argues that the CIA and FBI missed 23 potential opportunities to disrupt the 9/11 attacks, largely because organizational routines and cultures were resistant to change, and because intelligence and national security organizations were unwilling to adapt to the development of new threats. James Berry Motley (1987) wrote, [i]t is human intelligence clandestine agents, informers that is the key to coping with terrorism (p. 169; see also Ofri, 1984; Sulc, 1987). This is often called as the intelligence cycle, although the essence of this cycle is now widely controversial (Hulnick, 2006). To begin with, section 203 of the PATRIOT Act expressly empowers law enforcement officials to share criminal investigative information that contains foreign intelligence or counterintelligence, including grand jury and wiretap information, with intelligence, protective, immigration, national-defense, and national-security personnel. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function" (Herman, 2004, p. 180). They believe that the major problem is that intelligence is not sufficiently shared and coordinated within the vast intelligence community and government bureaucracy. But more research is needed into the broader theoretical similarities and differences between the problem of surprise attack from terrorism today, and into the challenges posed for intelligence by conventional attack or by other types of surprises. It is important to remember that intelligence lessons learned in the Cold War can be and should be used in other areas where the risk for conflict is high. (2005). Because the reasons for failure today are largely the same as in the past, orthodox scholars argue that there seems little reason to believe that the current generation of intelligence officials will be more successful in avoiding surprise than their predecessors were at avoiding surprise attacks such as Pearl Harbor. Odom, W. E. (2008). This view sees the surprise aspect of the attack as having been caused largely by preventable analytical and communications failures on the part of the intelligence community and policy makers who lacked the imagination to connect the dots (as the 9/11 Commission famously argued) and to make sense of the information that had been available (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004, p. 408). PIJ is alleged to be one of the worlds most violent terrorist outfits, responsible for murdering over 100 innocent people, including Alisa Flatow, a young American killed in a bus bombing near the Israeli settlement of Kfar Darom. But while the war on terrorism has led to larger budgets for intelligence services and a more prominent role for intelligence in national decision making, this greater attention has brought with it greater expectations, which scholars argue the intelligence communities of the United States and other nations are finding it difficult to meet. International Journal of Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence , 16 (4), 527-542. Their authors discuss the need for oversight of intelligence activities and the difficult question of where the balance should be struck between protecting civil liberties and ensuring public safety (e.g., Cooper, 1978; Robertson, 1987; Taylor, 1987). Definition of 'intelligence gathering' 1. the process of collecting information. 2, Fall/Winter 2013. My experiences, both before and after September 11th, have led me to a simple yet critical conclusion: Integration works. Whats wrong with the Intelligence Cycle. With a conventional foe, the enemys intent is the question. He is the author of the New York Times bestseller, The Great War of Our Time, now in paperback with a new introduction. Dhaka: University Press Ltd. Treverton, G. F. (2001). As a result, companies get an overall view of all entities within the industry. 15 By the next year the intelligence budget had grown to $80.1 billion. As a result, in order to safeguard the departments ability to prosecute effectively those who assist terrorists, the material support statute should be amended to remove any possible doubts about its constitutionality or the scope of its coverage. It is a specialized information product that. These thinkers, in what has been termed the orthodox school, are the intellectual heirs of earlier literature that examined the reasons why conventional military surprise attacks almost always succeed (e.g., Wohlstetter, 1962; Handel, 1977; Betts, 1978; for discussion of the orthodox school, see Honig, 2008). To begin with, the Department of Justice issued guidelines on March 6, 2002, that expressly authorizedand indeed requiredcoordination between intelligence and law enforcement. While I am extremely proud of the Department of Justices record in fighting terrorism during my tenure as deputy attorney general, there is more work that needs to be done in order to ensure that the terrorists are defeated and our way of life is preserved. First, as a process, of collecting, analysing and delivering to the consumers such as policy makers or operational commanders. Some, especially from within the intelligence community, have argued that the attacks were not the result of an intelligence failure. They argue that changes can be made to the intelligence community to significantly improve its ability to prevent terrorist attacks. It is obvious that states rely on both internal and external security for their welfare; however, most attention has been concentrated on external intelligence in handling international relations. Complying with relevant mandates is just the start of enhancing one's security posture, but it's an important first step. in C. Andrew, R. J. Aldrich, & W. K. Wark (Eds. ), Handbook of Intelligence Studies (pp. Market intelligence can be used to help businesses make more informed decisions about their marketing and sales strategies. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union the USA has emerged as the main superpower the only state with enough economic and military resources to give it the ability to take self-sufficient action almost in any part of the globe (Todd & Bloch, 2003, p. 94). The intelligence community's mission is to provide national leaders with the best and most timely information available on global affairs and national security issuesinformation that, in turn, can help those leaders achieve their foreign policy objectives. Commanders need every available scrap of information that can be used for mission accomplishment. Charles Cogan writes that intelligence operatives of the 21st century will have to be more like hunters than gatherers: They will not simply sit back and gather information that comes in, analyze it and then decide what to do about it. Intelligence analysis with regard to 9/11 was faulty, according to this view, largely because it put too much emphasis on developing tactical level intelligence, which analysts and officials fail to realize will rarely be available. This article is organized into four sections. Monitoring what your competitors are up to is important, but actually activating competitive insights across your entire organization is where the rubber hits the road. Section 218 of the PATRIOT Act, however, changed the law to clarify that FISA can be used whenever foreign intelligence is a "significant purpose" of a national security investigation, thus. Gill, P., & Phythian, M. (2006). In addition, section 504 of the PATRIOT Act specifically permits intelligence investigators to consult with federal law enforcement officers to coordinate efforts to investigate or protect against threats from foreign powers or agents. All Rights Reserved | Site by Rootsy. One of the most enduring puzzles surrounding the 9/11 attacks continues to be: why had the attacks not been anticipated and prevented, even though American intelligence agencies and others had been warning for years about the threat from bin Laden and international terrorism? London: Routledge. Although I do not necessarily agree with the Ninth Circuits decision, the fact remains that it, along with similar decisions, create a practical impediment to bringing terrorists and those who support them to justice. Why intelligence gathering is important in every country? During the Cold War, U.S. intelligence was charged with finding answers to puzzles such as determining how many missiles were in the Soviet inventory. Gathering information is the most important part of the critical thinking process. 189-199). Threat intelligence is a part of a bigger security intelligence strategy. An international terrorists ties to a terrorist organization may be murky or extremely difficult to uncover, thus making it difficult for the government to demonstrate a particular the terrorists affiliation with an international organization. Essentially, the US intelligence community has limited itself by placing too much emphasis on secrecy and not enough on efficiency. According to Kahn, intelligence gathering and analysis are now considered such indispensable government functionsand so much is expected of themthat their inability to disperse the fog of war or of international politics causes outrage (2006, p. 134). Among the most useful sources on the intelligence effort that led to the killing of bin Laden are Bergen (2012), Schmitt and Shanker (2011), and Mudd (2013). Here, there is no consensus, and this section argues that the literature can be organized into three schools of thought, each of which offers a quite different explanation of past failures and prescription for the future: the orthodox school, the intelligence reformist school, and the CIA critics school. Intelligence and the market state. Competitive intelligence refers to a process of ethically and efficiently gathering, analyzing, and using information related to the competitor's strategy. This job, he predicts, will be largely one for the military special forces community, with intelligence services such as the CIA relegated to a supporting role. 13, no. But the current lag does suggest that despite a few valuable journalistic works, such as the work by Wright (2006), the 9/11 attacks themselves remain understudied from a scholarly perspective, and that, more broadly, additional work is needed on the use of intelligence in counterterrorism. The Intelligencer. Intelligence can be about enemy weapons, troop strengths, troop movement activity, and future operational plans, to name just a few. Mark V. Kauppi (2006, p. 424) notes that placing American agents within terrorist groups is very difficult, even if the agent is a native-born speaker of the local language, because many terrorist groups are clan or tribally based. For thinkers in the CIA critics school, the fundamental problem is that terrorism is a more difficult threat than intelligence and national security agencies have previously had to deal with. Whether judged by risk of flight, or by the danger presented to the community, there could hardly be a category of crime where the standards for pretrial detention are more commonly met than in the case of charges involving terrorism. Section 218 of the PATRIOT Act, however, changed the law to clarify that FISA can be used whenever foreign intelligence is a significant purpose of a national security investigation, thus allowing for greater sharing and consultation between intelligence and law enforcement officials. Exceptions include Le Gallo (2005) on covert action, and Wannall (2002), Danis (2007), Shultz and Beitler (2004), and Mobley (2012) on counterintelligence. However, intelligence is too significant to be left to the spooks. While the orthodox thinkers believe that the intelligence community has done a good job in an almost impossible task, the reformists argue that American intelligence agencies have done a much poorer job than they should have. In the United States, significant steps have been taken since 9/11: (a) a proliferation of Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs) and state and local intelligence fusion centers, (b) the posting of local intelligence officials alongside national-level counterparts at the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), and (c) the re-emergence of robust police intelligence operations in New York City and elsewhere (Sullivan & Wirtz, 2008; Svendsen, 2012; Apuzzo & Goldman, 2013; Dahl, 2014b). To What Extent Is Great Power Competition A Threat to Global Security? For example, the enhanced information sharing allowed by the provision led directly to the indictment of Sami Al-Arian and other alleged members of the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in Tampa, Florida. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. And finally, the attorney general directed every U.S. attorney to develop a plan to monitor terrorism and intelligence investigations, and to ensure that information about terrorist threats was shared with other agencies and criminal charges were considered. To know your target audience - Gathering market intelligence will allow a company to understand the needs of the audience and using surveys, businesses can shortlist their target audience for specific products/services. Secrecy is important not just as barrier to surveillance it permeates aspects of the process itself. On August 6, 2001, in fact, this frustration led me to write a memorandum to officials in the FBI as well as the Department of Justices Criminal Division and Office of Intelligence Policy and Review. She also argues that the most effective method of collection on terrorism is through a synergistic effort, using technical means as well as human sources (Sims, 2005, p. 55). Much of this literature focuses on the analysis and collection of information and on how it is disseminated to decision makers and other customers. Moreover, an international terrorist need not be affiliated with a terrorist organization to cause a significant loss of American lives; a single foreign terrorist with a chemical, biological, or radiological weapon is capable of inflicting tremendous damage on this country, and FISA should be amended to reflect this reality. When you become a leader of integrity, you leadership is clearly defined and meaningful. Intelligence Analysis. Oftentimes, only when a piece of information is combined with many other pieces of information does the big picture emerge. Clark, Robert. 34). Find forums and social media feeds that attract your customer persona and use the Symanto Insights . Thirdly, the role of intelligence in influencing state policies will be analysed as well as its engagement in covert action followed by a brief presentation of 2003 Iraqs case. Scholars such as Arce and Sandler (2007) use the tools of game theory to improve our understanding of how intelligence can be used against terrorism, and more work here could prove very useful. Relatively few detailed case studies have been produced of how intelligence performed in the face of terrorist attacks other than 9/11, likely because information is difficult to obtain. Today, just the opposite is the true: the enemysay a terrorist in an internet caf in Yemenis easy to kill but very hard to find. 33, iss. Marrin has called for such work, but he notes that research on intelligence success is likely to be difficult, because the information needed is probably classified: while such a study of successes may be promising, it would also be very difficult to accomplish from outside the intelligence community (Marrin, 2004, p. 661). And section 905 of the PATRIOT Act requires that the attorney general, subject to certain exceptions, disclose to the director of central intelligence foreign intelligence acquired by the Department of Justice in the course of a criminal investigation. Because intelligence belongs to the realm of international relations, there is no surprise that probably the best-know intelligence agencies in the world are the USs Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), MI6 in the UK, and the defunct Soviet KGB (Andrew, 2004). Military historian John Keegan has claimed that the importance of intelligence in warfare has been overrated (Keegan, 2003, pp. Increased domestic intelligence collection presents the opportunity for abuses and violations of civil liberties, as occurred in the 1960s and 1970s with, for example, the FBIs excesses during the COINTELPRO operations. Before the enactment of the PATRIOT Act, courts had ruled that surveillance under FISA could be utilized only when foreign intelligence was the primary purpose of a national security investigation. This then enables you to make better data-driven decisions within your business. Intelligence was used to justify a policy decision that was arrived at for different reasons. Intelligence is an important tool used to protect individuals and organisations. But the most commonly heard argument is that technical intelligence collection methods such as imagery intelligence (IMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) are not very useful against terrorist targets, while HUMINT is critical. Discretion and Confusion in the Intelligence Community. [1999] and Copeland [2001].) Strengthen the IC's statutory obligation to keep Congress "fully and currently informed" 2. It would be an unnecessary gamble, however, to give the surveillance powers now possessed by the FBI to an agency without any track record and tradition of safeguarding fundamental liberties. Before 9/11, the CIA never tried to develop their own John Walker Lindh, Yet even one such source could have obviated any need for Washington to connect the dots (Gerecht, 2004). . The importance of intelligence liaison relationships for counterterrorism was recognized well before 9/11 (e.g., Motley, 1986), but such arrangements are becoming increasingly important today in what Michael Herman calls the internationalization of intelligence (2004, p. 349350). 2, 2018. London: Routledge. But the most common callmost notably by the 9/11 Commissionhas been for greater centralization of the American intelligence community, leading to the creation of what has become the Office of the Director of National Intelligence. Second, as a product, formerly circulated as paper, but now distributed through multilevel secure electronic databases. The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, for example, has held that the statutes prohibition on the provision of training and personnel to terrorist organizations is unconstitutionally vague. Academics, policy experts, and intelligence professionals have produced numerous articles and papers examining the current challenges presented for intelligence by terrorism, and on many issues there is broad agreement in the literature. Allowing section 218 to expire would be a tragic mistake. Measurement and Signatures Intelligence has become increasingly important due to growing concern about the existence and spread of weapons of mass destruction. Staying flexible in an adaptive world. Pulver, Aaron; Medina, Richard. In addition to the debate on who should bear the responsibility for that intelligence failure, more broadly the question also remains of how well has the U.S. intelligence community has performed against terrorism in general. E-IR is an independent non-profit publisher run by an all volunteer team. 2001. Intelligence has never been more important in world politics than it is now at the opening of the twenty-first century (Scott & Jackson, 2004, p. xi). Russel, R. L. (2007). Most studies of the American intelligence community focus on the CIA and (to a lesser degree) the FBI. Although several authors note that other intelligence disciplines such as covert action and counterintelligence are critical in the struggle against terrorism, relatively little work has been done that focuses on those topics. Scholars in the orthodox camp tend to be the most cautious about calls for major reform, and they argue that dramatic change is neither needed nor helpful. This content was originally written for an undergraduate or Master's program. Their religious, ethnic, and cultural differences from Western spy-runners, and the tight bond of their terrorist commitment, will assure this fact (p. 731). Marketing intelligence, often used interchangeably with market intelligence, is an umbrella term defined as all of the information collected and analyzed by a business to retrieve valuable market insights that can help improve decision-making within marketing and consumer-facing business operations. . Intelligence and National Security , 19 (2), 170-184. It does not, however, include so-called lone wolf international terrorists. Real-world Market Intelligence Examples. Intelligence is all about finding. Reformist thinkers tend to be more optimistic than orthodox thinkers about the prospect for significant improvement in intelligence capabilities against terrorism, possibly because the organizational problems they see at work appear to them to be more correctable than the orthodox perceive psychological and cognitive problems to be. The Uses and Limits of intelligence the major problem is that intelligence is too to... 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