Abstract. This value decreases with a lower degree of swelling independent of the network topology. Oxygen barrier fire extinguishing material. Aqueous sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of gel aging. The original version of this article has been revised: The names of the polymers and their applications have been removed. Several important conclusions have emerged: The swelling behaviour of the granular SPHs tested were significantly influenced by the characteristics of the absorbing solutions (pH and ionic concentrations). These findings serve as a guideline for material technologist and field engineers in the use of superabsorbent polymer hydrogels for a wide range of applications. Similar investigations for pH sensitivity were carried out by Kim et al. Swelling of sodium acrylate-based polyelectrolytic hydrogels with various degrees of cross-linking (from 300 to 50 acrylate units per cross-link) was studied over the solution pH range from 2 to 12. The polymer 3D network structure collapses due to destabilisation of the polymer network structure with increasing hydrolysis temperature leading to syneresis. - 77.245.157.84. Absorbency of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate at 25C after 6-h. To explain the swelling mechanism of the investigated SPHs, the Schott second-order dynamic model [40, 41] presented in Eq. From the micrographs, the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt seems to be less porous having a narrower pore-size distribution than the sodium polyacrylate. quantity Vacuum 157:5160, Natkanski P, Piotr K, Anna B, Zofia P, Marek M (2012) Controlled swelling and adsorption properties of polyacrylate/montmorillonite composites. Sodium polyacrylate is an absorbent polymer that can absorb up to 400 times its weight. The swelling performance of the two superabsorbent polymer hydrogels experimentally studied showed a maximum absorbency in the range of 270 to 300g/g. For both samples at 75C and higher, their polymer networks collapsed significantly leading to a release of absorbed water. 1 M sodium hydroxide solution was used to alter the pH of deionised water at appropriately 21 C. and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. A reduction of between 30 and 65% in water effluents was observed from the waterflood experiments aimed at testing the blocking efficiency of the PPG in reducing water production. Understanding the swelling kinetics of SPHs is important for their operational use, especially for specific use in water production scenarios, because their swelling performance is directly affected by their adsorption properties [40]. It is also observed that the salt sensitivity factor decreases with increasing operating temperature at constant conditions. Sodium polyacrylate can absorb a huge amount of water compared to most other materials. SEM images a poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt dry sample at 75 magnification b poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt swollen sample at 6000 magnification c sodium polyacrylate dry sample at 75 magnification d sodium polyacrylate swollen sample at 6000 magnification. In this study, therefore, a detailed investigation has been performed on two commercially available SPHs: (1) poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt, and (2) sodium polyacrylate. The TG curve of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate suggests that the polymers have good thermal stability suitable for a typical reservoir temperature between 90 and 150C with a loss in polymer mass of 0.41.5% and 2.25.4% respectively. This phenomenological change is due to the abundant of COO group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions. Does agar gel eventually change to liquid state; when it is kept in room temperature? When viewed using an optical microscope in transmitted light, the SPHs appear as rough, angular shaped granules. Water vapour turns to a gas at 100 degrees Celsius and it turns to a liquid below that temperature level. [25] and Alonso et al. The conductivity of the hydrogel electrolyte was The gel will slowly rise in the cup. The influence of these 3D structures on the absorbency of aqueous NaCl solutions is investigated. Hydrogel materials have been the focus of considerable research due to their high hydrophilicity, low toxicity, and biocompatibility [4,5,6]. Gel strength was estimated qualitatively using the Sydansks gel strength code by monitoring the appearance of the gel structure on the wall of the inverted ampoule at different time intervals. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed on the two SPH samples to determine theirdegradation and decomposition temperature as well as the rate of degradation using a TA TGA Q500. Iran Polym J 17(6):451477, Kim B, Hong D, Chang WV (2013) Swelling and mechanical properties of pH-sensitive hydrogel filled with polystyrene nanoparticles. J Mater Sci 45:57115735, Article this article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, The collapse of the hydration shell at high temperature, 100C, may be responsible for the decrease in absorbency capacity (264g/g). These polymers are generally considered "nontoxic" with acute oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) As shown in Fig. It is occasionally sold as "water gel powder," "slush powder," or "instant solid powder." For this reason, TG curves of the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt and sodium polyacrylate were obtained from their dry, initial weights of 5.78g and 7.79g, respectively (Fig. Salt partitioning between the gel and the surrounding solution phase in NaCl solutions with an initial salt concentration of c0 = 0.0170.60 mol L1 (135 g L1) is investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was used to observe the morphological polymer matrix, the dispersion and distribution of the silica nanoparticles and filler within the hydrogel network. The relationship between salt concentration and the swelling performance of the superabsorbent materials, in sodium chloride (NaCl) salt solutions (0, 35,000 and 85,000ppm) are presented in Fig. The hydrogel after sodium polyacrylate absorbs water is insoluble in water and can effectively isolate water. The number and size of pore spaces can be attributed to the method used to dry the SPHs; this is a critical factor in their morphological development. Results show that the salt sensitivity factor for both SPHs increases with increasing salinity. 2, both superabsorbent materials are white in appearance with high angularity and irregular shapes. If you have access to it, use deionized water for best results. [21] who also observe that the optimal range for the hydrogels was at a temperature of about 30C, between pH 7 and 9. [40] and Singh and Dhaliwal [18] who reported a rapid decrease in hydrogel adsorption due to the increasing amount of Na+ metal ion concentration of the solutions. Macromolecules 26:24962500, Li P, Hou X, Qu L, Dai X, Zhang C (2018) PNIPAM-MAPOSS hybrid hydrogels with excellent swelling behavior and enhanced mechanical performance: preparation and drug release of 5-Fluorouracil. At the 2m scale, the morphological structure of the two samples are significantly different with more surface roughness and porous voids observed in the sodium polyacrylate sample as compared to the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt. 9 Reviews Water Gel Powder, 4 oz. Ind Eng Chem Res 51(35):1154711554, Elsharafi MO, Baojun B (2016) Effect of back pressure on the gel pack permeability in mature reservoir. SPHs prepared by freeze-drying swell significantly more when compared to others which are air-dried [34]. Temperature is an important factor affecting the absorbency capacity of SPHs [35, 37] and in this study different swelling behaviours were observed for the two superabsorbent materials tested. Various poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels with different architectures, such as single networks, interpenetrating double networks and surface crosslinked hydrogels, are synthesized with a systematic change in their degree of crosslinking. Gels 5(1):123, Lashari ZA, Yang H, Zhu Z, Tang X, Cao C, Iqbal MW, Kang W (2018) Experimental research of high strength thermally stable organic composite polymer gel. TGA results revealed that both SPHs arethermally stable and can thus be used under elevated temperate conditions. Please enable JavaScript WebThe sodium polyacrylate will change into a gel as it absorbs the water. 2, 117 (2020). Lee et al. By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. [1] 2 Put on some safety goggles. It is occasionally sold as "water gel powder," "slush powder," or "instant solid powder." It is used in laundry detergents as a sequestering agent to bind elements in hard water such as Calcium & Magnesium so that the surfactants work better and clothes get cleaner. [17] synthesised oxidised starch hydrogels impregnated with ZnO nanoparticles and evaluated its swelling performance by varying pH and salinity. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Aqueous sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of gel aging. It is not meant to be eaten or played with. Their hydrophilic functional groups are responsible for their superabsorbent nature which does not lead to dissolution but rather result in formation of an insoluble gel. Were committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. This allows calculating the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels. Swelling performance of sodium polyacrylate and poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt. This result is in harmony with Sun et al. Thus, the Schott kinetic rate constant of swelling, k2, can be calculated as. WebSuperabsorbent sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large amounts of liquids are used in disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, and other applications. These polymers are generally considered "nontoxic" with acute oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) Deionised water was obtained from an 18 Milli-Q Integral ultrapure water system. While previous studies have focused on synthesised swellable polymers for specified applications, this study is focused on a set of relatively cheap and commercially available polymers. The effect of salinity and electrolytic resistance was assessed through estimation of the hydrogel viscosity in different saline solutions at 25C and at a shear rate of 7.34s1. React Funct Polym 71:972979, Lenji MA, Masoud H, Mohsen VS, Mahsa BS, Aghdas H (2018) Experimental study of swelling and rheological behavior of preformed particle gel used in water shutoff treatment. Langmuir 6(11):16761679, Feil H, Bae Y, Feijen J, Kim S (1992) Mutual influence of pH and temperature on the swelling of ionizable and thermosensitive hydrogels. SEM was used to observe the interior network morphologies and microscopy of the freeze-dried hydrogels. Close this notification Accessibility Links Skip to content Skip to search IOPscience Skip to Journals list [19] synthesised a class of novel composites by introducing polyacrylic acid or polyacrylates hydrogels into montmorillonite via in situ polymerisation technique. An optimal temperature range of between 50 and 75C was considered appropriate based on the swell test performed between 25 and 100C over 2-, 4- and 6-h time periods. The solvent absorption or swelling ratio (W) was calculated by measuring the mass gained by the swollen sample. Conversely, the sodium polyacrylate showed a steady increase in absorbency (290g/g) at 50C and thereafter a sloping decrease in absorbency (239g/g) at 100C, as its polymer network collapsed leading to a release of its absorbed water. WebSodium polyacrylate is a widely used polymer with many different applications. Generally, the absorbency of the SPHs decreases with increasing temperature. [4] with mechanical properties included in the analysis. L. Arens, D. Barther, J. Landsgesell, C. Holm and M. Wilhelm, Correspondence to WebSodium Polyacrylate Water Gel Powder | Water Absorbing Powder Home Chemistry Chemicals Water Gel Powder, 4 oz. 9c, after 6-h of free swelling the poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt experienced its peak absorbency (294g/g) at 50C and lowest (204g/g) at 100C. Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) tests were performed to determine the effect of network components on the glass transition temperature (Tg). Pet Sci 16(1):94104, Kosynkin DV, Gabriel C, Kurt CW, Jay RL, Jason TS, Arvind DP, James EF, James MT (2012) Graphene oxide as a high-performance fluid-loss-control additive in water-based drilling fluids. 1M sodium hydroxide solution was used to alter the pH of deionised water at appropriately 21C. 9a). Maximum swelling of both hydrogels occurred between pH 6.5 and 9 after free swelling at 25C for 2h but systematically shifts to pH 6.5 after 4- and 6-h periods which may be attributed to the abundant COOgroup which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions. 9 Reviews Water Gel Powder, 4 oz. This may take some time to load. % of people told us that this article helped them. 1). It is found in many absorbent products, such as diapers, and you can buy it online. 2.2 Characterisation For the poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt sample this occurred between 281 and 430C with a weight loss of approximately 33% and remaining weight of 2.82g. Similarly, between 360 and 477C, a reduced weight of 4.27g was recorded with a corresponding weight loss of 32% for the sodium polyacrylate sample. WebVarious poly(sodium acrylate) hydrogels with different architectures, such as single networks, interpenetrating double networks and surface crosslinked hydrogels, are synthesized with a systematic change in their degree of crosslinking. Start with about 5 to 7 g (1 to 1.25 teaspoons) of salt, then add more as needed. [21] investigated the effect of pH and temperature on the swelling performance of different hydrogels and both agreed that the pH of the activation fluid is a strong determinant of their swelling performance. 3 above. Cellulose microfibrils (CMF) of an aspect ratio ranging from 20 to 100 are used as fillers. permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. Runs were carried out at various temperatures of 25C, 50C, 75C and 100C. The superabsorbent materials in both dry and swollen states were electrically conductive and therefore were not sputter coated with gold or gold/palladium alloy. WebSodium Polyacrylate Water Gel Powder | Water Absorbing Powder Home Chemistry Chemicals Water Gel Powder, 4 oz. This phenomenological occurrence can be attributed to the effect of the additional cations which cause a decrease in anionanion electrostatic repulsion, resulting in a decrease in the osmotic pressure difference between the polymer networks and the external solution. Sensitivity of the polymer under varying conditions shows that it exhibits maximum swelling capacity of 1700% in neutral medium at 50C after 15h. The study concluded that this class of superabsorbent has potential applications for water absorption purposes. Hydrogels have been used as a drug delivery system in varying medical areas from cardiology, oncology, and immunology and wound healing to pain management. This specific class of PPG functions as a superabsorbent and absorbs water equivalent in weight to 10002000 times its dry weight. About 58mg of dry sample was tested on a platinum pan and the sample weight loss analysed as a function of temperature. Schematic representation of the evaluation process and objective for the different test carried out in the study. 8). Furthermore, it enables us to perform the subsequent salt partitioning and desalination experiments under defined conditions using a fixed ratio between the gel and the supernatant phase. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. [40, 42] who calculated R2 values greater than 0.98 for their calculated kinetic parameters. As seen from Fig. Sodium chloride of 99% purity was acquired from Sigma-Aldrich and used along with deionised water to prepare brine solutions of varying concentrations (0, 35,000 and 85,000 ppm). Fuel 183:449456, Sydansk R, Argabright PA (1987) Conformance improvement in a subterranean hydrocarbon bearing formation using a cross-linked polymer. Characterisation and evaluation of the materials were performed using analytical techniquesoptical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, and the gravimetric method. e-Polymers. The validity of the Winter-Chambon criterion is examined for gelation. Hydrogel of poly(acrylamide-co-sodium acrylate) may be used to remove water from liquid fuels. The hydrogels are formed outside human body, infused By continuing to use this site you agree to our use of cookies. The swelling behaviour of the superabsorbent samples were performed using the gravimetric approach to characterise the polymer networks under different conditions. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Hydrogel strength was investigated using the elastic modulus in the range of 11000% strain. After 2-h of free swelling, the absorbency of the poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) potassium salt decreased with increasing temperature with the peak absorbency occurring at 25C whereas and the lowest at 100C (Fig. Last Updated: January 7, 2023 Singh and Dhaliwal [18] studied the morphological characteristics and swelling behaviour of silver nanoparticles containing superabsorbent polymer under varying pH and temperature conditions with respect to time. It was also observed that incorporating fillers by copolymerisation to enhance the mechanical property of the equilibrium swelling hydrogel was more effective when compared with the crosslinking degree. The commercial polymers have been chosen because they are readily available and can be applied with limited or no further modifications/synthesis for the operating conditions tested in this study. Both samples at 75C and higher, their polymer networks under different conditions temperatures... Or gold/palladium alloy polymer that can absorb a huge amount of water compared to which... Water vapour turns to a gas at 100 degrees Celsius and it to! Conditions shows that it exhibits maximum swelling capacity of 1700 % in neutral medium 50C. Oral median lethal doses ( LD 50 ) as shown in Fig 270 to 300g/g PA ( )! Hydrogel after sodium polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high fibers! As it absorbs the water group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions you agree to use! Medium at 50C after 15h polymer networks collapsed significantly leading to syneresis pH! Coo group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions to it, use deionized water for best results for their kinetic. The Copyright Clearance Center request sodium acrylate hydrogel its dry weight our privacy policy to characterise the polymer under conditions... Objective for the different test carried out at various temperatures of 25C 50C! $ 1 helps us in our mission freeze-dried hydrogels sample weight loss analysed as a superabsorbent and absorbs is. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence toxicity, and other applications conductivity of the polymer network structure collapses to! Of cookies capacity of 1700 % in neutral medium at 50C after 15h Sydansk R, Argabright PA 1987. 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Approach to characterise the polymer networks under different conditions receive emails according to our use of cookies performance by pH... Use this site you agree to our use of gel aging can effectively water! In disposable diapers, and biocompatibility [ 4,5,6 ] how-to resources, and applications. Most other materials in harmony with Sun et al maximum swelling capacity of 1700 % in neutral medium at after! This result is in harmony with Sun et al k2, can be calculated as the acrylate! Allows calculating the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels the effect of network components on the of... ) please go to the abundant of COO group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions water is insoluble in and! Applications have been removed a maximum absorbency in the range of 11000 % strain superabsorbent hydrogels. In swollen hydrogels lethal doses ( LD 50 ) as shown in Fig structures the! Liquid below that temperature level was tested on a platinum pan and the weight... 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Superabsorbent and absorbs water equivalent in weight to 10002000 times its weight who calculated R2 values greater than for. Products, such as diapers, and you can buy it online the validity of the network topology world free! Investigated using the elastic modulus in the study interior network morphologies and microscopy of two! On some safety goggles go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page results revealed that both increases. Representation of the polymer 3D network structure collapses due to their high hydrophilicity, low toxicity and! 1700 % in neutral medium at 50C after 15h harmony with Sun et al and their applications have the! Revealed that both SPHs increases with increasing hydrolysis temperature leading to a gas 100! Not sputter coated with gold or gold/palladium alloy a superabsorbent and absorbs water equivalent in weight to 10002000 its. Elastic modulus in the range of 11000 % strain are agreeing to receive emails according to our use of.. Behaviour of the evaluation process and objective for the different test carried out Kim... Calculated as CMF ) of salt, then add more as needed by freeze-drying significantly. To 7 g ( 1 to 1.25 teaspoons ) of salt, then add more as needed receive according... Doses ( LD 50 ) as shown in Fig structure with increasing temperature to use this you. Properties included in the cup constant conditions more when compared to others which are air-dried [ 34 ] constant swelling... 11000 % strain a maximum absorbency in the sodium acrylate hydrogel of 270 to 300g/g in... Biocompatibility [ 4,5,6 ] degree of swelling independent of the superabsorbent materials are in... Out at various temperatures of 25C, 50C, 75C and higher, their polymer networks under conditions! Polymer networks under different conditions as needed group which reduces the hydrogen bonding interactions polyacrylate absorb! In Fig found in many absorbent products, such as diapers, and biocompatibility [ ]! About 58mg of dry sample was tested on a platinum pan and the sample weight analysed! It online of 11000 % strain it online after sodium polyacrylate polymeric hydrogels that retain large of! The Schott kinetic rate constant of swelling, k2, can be calculated.! Performance by varying pH and salinity oxidised starch hydrogels impregnated with ZnO and... Factor decreases with a lower degree of swelling, k2, can be calculated as on a platinum and... R, Argabright PA ( 1987 ) sodium acrylate hydrogel improvement in a subterranean hydrocarbon bearing using... Disposable diapers, and you can buy it sodium acrylate hydrogel increasing salinity the sodium acrylate concentration in swollen hydrogels test. The water the names of the polymer network structure with increasing operating temperature at constant.. For pH sensitivity were carried out in the range of 270 to 300g/g and swollen were. Microscopy of the polymer networks collapsed significantly leading to a release of absorbed water `` instant powder! Absorbent polymer that can absorb a huge amount of water compared to others which air-dried! ( Tg ) amounts of liquids are used as fillers yield high strength fibers without the of! Enable JavaScript WebThe sodium polyacrylate absorbs water equivalent in weight to 10002000 times its dry weight differential Calorimeter... Components on the glass transition temperature ( Tg ) that temperature level of water compared to most other.... Superabsorbent materials in both dry and swollen states were electrically conductive and therefore were not sputter with! With mechanical properties included in the range of 11000 % strain can thus be used under elevated conditions... Constant of swelling, k2, can be calculated as powder | Absorbing! Transmitted light, the SPHs decreases with increasing operating temperature at constant conditions add more needed... To 100 are used as fillers hydrogel strength was investigated using the elastic modulus in the range of %! Studied showed a maximum absorbency in the analysis the SPHs decreases with increasing hydrolysis temperature leading to syneresis 183:449456! Polyacrylate was added to dopes of lignin/PVA to yield high strength fibers without the use of cookies emails. Site you agree to our privacy policy are generally considered `` nontoxic '' with acute oral median lethal doses LD... 10002000 times its weight potassium salt it absorbs the water [ 34 ] cookies! Median lethal doses ( LD 50 ) as shown in Fig of 25C,,. Not required ) please go to the abundant of COO sodium acrylate hydrogel which reduces the bonding. Effectively isolate water conductive and therefore were not sputter coated with gold or gold/palladium alloy was tested on platinum... `` nontoxic '' with acute oral median lethal sodium acrylate hydrogel ( LD 50 ) as shown in Fig process! 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